Gender gap in digital literacy across generations: Evidence from Indonesia

Abstract

This study investigates the digital literacy (DL) of men and women using a unique dataset of 6695 adults collected in Indonesia, the fourth largest country in the world. We analyze differences in men's and women's access to mobile phones, education, occupation, and income to explain DL gaps. We find that men have a higher level of DL than women and that the gap is more pronounced among older groups. We also find that most of the gap is due to differences in endowments, implying that reducing inequalities in access to mobile phones, education, occupation, and income can narrow the gaps.